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Drinking Water Treatment Methods

Filters using various filtering technologies like Distillation, Carbon Absorption, Microporous Basic Filtration, Reverse Osmosis and Ultraviolet Radiations are available in the market. What you choose to purchase depends on the results of your water tests and your specific household needs.

Distillation is probably the oldest method of water purification. In this method water is first heated up to boiling point. The water vapors formed rises to a condenser where cooling water lowers the temperature. So the vapor is condensed, collected and stored to give pure water. Most of the contaminants remain behind in the liquid phase vessel.

It lacks oxygen and minerals and has a flat taste. Organics such as herbicides and pesticides with boiling points lower than that of water cannot be removed efficiently and can actually become concentrated in the product water. One more disadvantage of using it is the large amount of energy and water used by this filtration system.

Carbon filters are very effective in cleaning water. When water flows through carbon filters, contaminants adsorb or stick to the surfaces of the carbon particles and the water is passed through it. Activated carbon filters are reported to be the best method available for removing specific organic chemicals, including some pesticide residues. Studies have also shown that GAC (granular activated carbon) adsorption is an effective method for radon removal. Carbon water filter devices are available in several sizes and designs. They are relatively inexpensive to replace and ensure a continued high standard of filtration.

A microporous filtration system has three different layers for filtration solving different purposes. These layers are- depth layer, screen layer and surface layer. Top most layer is depth layer and it is also referred as pre-filter. This layer eliminates 98% of impurities from the water. Next comes surface filter and it eliminates 99.99% of suspended impurities. At the end we have screen filter to remove any remaining dust particle.

Reverse Osmosis is one of the most popular techniques of cleaning water. These filters use a semi permeable membrane to clean water. The porous size of this membrane is so small that it does not allow any of the contaminant or microorganism to pass through it.

The contaminated water is put on one side of the membrane and pressure is applied to stop and then reverse the osmotic process. It generally takes a lot of pressure. The result is extremely finely filtered water. These systems may take up to 5 liters of water to produce one clean liter.

Ultraviolet radiation has widely been used as a germicidal treatment for water. Mercury low pressure lamps generating 254 nm UV light are an effective means of disinfecting water. The adsorption of UV light by the DNA and proteins in the microbial cell results in the inactivation of the microorganism.

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